European development cooperation

FEBRUARY 2011

• European Commission’s new Scientific Advisory Board for EU development policy was launched in Brussels (including Simon Maxwell and Dirk Messner)
• European Commission

• EU-China summit
• EEAS Factsheet European Council – Council of the EU European Council – Council of the EU 2 European Council – Council of the EU 3 European Council – Council of the EU 4 EurActiv European Commission EEAS

• Airports across Tanzania to be upgraded with European funding
• European Investment Bank

• Karel De Gucht European Commissioner for Trade EU-Asian Cooperation in an Era of Transformation Foreign Correspondents’ Club Honk Kong, 16 February 2012
• European Commission: Karel De Gucht

• €30 million to feed a million children in the Sahel – the European Commission and World Food Programme join forces to fight the looming food crisis
• European Commission EurActiv: Georgieva

• UNEP and the green economy: 40 years in development
• EurActiv: Achim Steiner

• MEPs back Morocco trade deal
• European Parliament European Commission European Voice

• EU foreign service moves into new home
• EUobserver

• Trade, Growth & Development: Tailoring trade and investment policy for those countries most in need
• European Commission

• How will EU trade policy respond to new challenges in the coming decade?
• ODI: Dirk Willem te Velde ECDPM: San Bilal Guardian: Ruth Bergan European Voice: Vital Moreira

• EU helps tackle poverty by boosting trade capacity of poorest developing countries
• EEAS

• The European Commission’s legislative proposals for financing EU Development Cooperation
• ODI: Mikaela Gavas

• Spotlight on the division of labour between the EEAS and DG DEVCO
• ECDPM

• Long-term research perspectives on budget support
• ODI: Heidi Tavakoli

• Use Rio+20 to overhaul idea of growth, urges EU climate chief
• Guardian European Commission: Janez Potočnik EurActiv

• Thematic evaluation of the European Commission support to respect of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
• European Commission

• Commission still pulls the strings on EU foreign policy
• EUobserver

• India and EU move towards free-trade pact
• European Commission EurActiv European Council – Council of the EU European Council – Council of the EU 2 European Council – Council of the EU 3

• EU – China Summit EU27 exports to China up by 21% and imports by 5% in the first ten months of 2011
• Eurostat EEAS factsheet

• Race against time to avert hunger in the Sahel
• European Commission

• Europe’s ties with Mexico under spotlight
• EEAS European Council – Council of the EU European Council – Council of the EU 2

• EU development cooperation with Burma/Myanmar
• European Commission

• Ashton in Brazil to strengthen bilateral ties
• EEAS EEAS 2 European Council – Council of the EU

• The European External Action Service: one year on
• EEAS: David O’Sullivan

• EU-Tunisia
• European Council – Council of the EU

• Press conference on Camp Ashraf
• European Council – Council of the EU

• EU-Kazakhstan
• European Council – Council of the EU

• EU-Mozambique
• European Council – Council of the EU

• EU head of delegation to Egypt: Europe needs a real partnership with Egypt
• European Parliament

• “Rise of emerging powers represents an opportunity for the EU”
• European Parliament

• MEPs who have adopted a resolution calling for Member States to stop providing safe havens for the personal fortunes of leaders of authoritarian regimes
• European Parliament

• EU plans to increase its presence in Syria: Humanitarian experts could be sent within days
• European Voice

• Tunisia seeks greater EU support
• European Voice

• Ashton appoints EU envoys to Libya, Haiti
• European Voice

JANUARY 2011

• European Commission adopts Communication on Trade, Growth & Development
• European Commission European Commission 2

• Aid has to be modernised; EU is not pulling out from middle income countries (MICs)
• Andris Piebalgs blog

• Declaration on the Establishment of a European Endowment for Democracy
• Council of EU

• The EU’s approach to fragility in Guinea Bissau: Between ambition and coherence
• FRIDE

• Durban climate conference debate in the European Parliament
• BBC Record Europe

• Bill Gates addresses the International Development Committee in the European Parliament
• BBC Democracy Live

• Interview with Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt
• BBC Record Europe

• EU sees thirsty China as a partner at Rio
• EurActiv

• Cameron spurs new WTO strategy and insists the EU should instead negotiate free trade deals with the United States and Africa
• EurActiv

• Western powers to end Kosovo supervision
• EurActiv

• Higher EU CO2 cut ‘fundamental’ to developing world
• EurActiv

• Rebuilding homes for Haitians – Two years on, Europe continues to deliver on its promises to Haiti
• European Commission

• Security, energy and trade on agenda for HR Ashton visit to India
• EEAS EEAS 2 EEAS 3 EUObserver: Gauri Khandekar

• Boosting trade, central to African Union summit
• EEAS

• European Commission doubles its humanitarian assistance in Sahel, Commissioner Georgieva calls for “smart aid”
• European Commission

• Taking stock: The European Council in 2011
• European Council

• EU-Israel
• European Council – Council of EU

• EU-Palestinian Authority
• European Council – Council of EU

• Foreign Affairs Council – January 2012
• European Council – Council of EU

• EU-former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
• European Council – Council of EU

• Agriculture and Fisheries Council – January 2012
• European Council – Council of EU

• Preparing the EU for the next disaster
• European Voice

• Reflections on the Durban outcome
• Simon Maxwell

• Submission to the IDC inquiry on EU development assistance
• Sian Herbert & Romilly Greenhill: ODI BOND

• Leaked document reveals Rio+20 sustainable development goals
• EurActiv

• Ministers identify glitches in EU diplomatic service
• EUobserver

• What Europe’s new diplomatic service can do for Britain
• Edward Burke: CER

DECEMBER 2011

• Proposals for 11th European Development Fund (2014-2020)
• European Commission European Commission 2 European Commission 3 European Commission 4

• The Aid Effectiveness Agenda: The benefits of going ahead
• European Commission

• Impact Assessment: Financing instrument for the promotion of democracy and human rights worldwide
• European Commission

• Impact Assessment: Financing instrument for development cooperation
• European Commission

• Meeting of the European Parliament Committee on Development (DEVE) on the MFF development instruments, 8 December 2011
• Council of the EU

• More Action, Better Service: How to Strengthen the European External Action Service
• Carnegie Europe

• Event report: Europe’s Decline and Fall: The Struggle Against Global Irrelevance
• Carnegie Europe and FRIDE

• Measuring the development impact of loans used for public investment projects
• ECDPM

• Conclusion of talks on a major deal with Ukraine
• European Council – Council of the EU European Council – Council of the EU 2
• EUobserver EurActiv EurActiv 2 EEAS

• EU and Russia: the summit of results
• European Council – Council of the EU European Council – Council of the EU 2
• EUobserver EurActiv EurActiv 2 EEAS

• Durban Conference delivers Breakthrough for Climate
• EEAS European Parliament

• Helping in emergencies and long-term crises – where the European Commission’s humanitarian aid will go in 2012
• European Commission

• The role and the coherence of EU policies in changing the global food, speech by Kristalina Georgieva
• European Commission

• EU Security and Defence news – e-newsletter Issue 55 – e-bulletin No. 55
• EEAS

• One year on from the Arab Spring – A Summary of the EU’s Action
• European Commission EEAS European Commission 2

• Andris Piebalgs European Commissioner for Development Closing speech 2011 European Development Days
• European Commission

• Revision of the EU Civil Protection legislation: towards more effective disaster management
• European Commission

• Questioning Old Certainties: Challenges for Africa-EU relations in 2012
• ECDPM

• Establishment Agreement signed between the European Union and the Republic of South Sudan
• EEAS

• Catherine Ashton at the European Parliament
• European Council – Council of the EU

• The European Commission renews its assistance for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, supporting vital government functions and refugees
• European Commission

• An external budget for 2014-2020 (legislative proposals on the future financial instruments and regulations for external action)
• European Commission European Commission 2

• The European Union announces new initiatives to increase transparency and improve coordination in aid delivery
• European Commission

• MEPs worried about EU development spending
• EUobserver

• EU development cooperation after the Lisbon Treaty: People, institutions and global trends
• ECDPM

• EU-Ukraine summit hangs in doubt
• EurActiv EurActiv 2

• EU-US Summit Joint statement
• Council of the EU

• Conference report: EU Africa Foreign Policy after Lisbon
• Observatoire de L’Afrique

• Factsheet on the interim Economic Partnership Agreements: WEST AFRICA: IVORY COAST AND GHANA
• European Commission

• Factsheet on the interim Economic Partnership Agreements: SADC EPA GROUP
• European Commission

• International Conference on Afghanistan
• European Council – Council of the EU EEAS EEAS 2

• Foreign Affairs Council – December 2011
• European Council – Council of the EU Council of the EU

• Foreign Affairs Council (Defence) – November 2011
• European Council – Council of the EU

• Decision of the Government of Eritrea to terminate ongoing programmes under the 10th EDF
• EEAS

• In partnership with women: empowerment through action
• EEAS

• EU-Georgia
• European Council – Council of the EU Council of the EU

• Pushing for climate commitments in Durban
• EEAS

• Council conclusions on enlargement and stabilisation and association process
• Council of the EU

• EU-Russia Summit (14 December) – latest news
• EEAS

• The next European Council (8-9 December) will focus on economic policy, energy and enlargement issues
• European Council

• EU tightens sanctions on Syria, Iran
• EurActiv EUobserver

• Congolese tensions spill onto streets of Brussels
• EUobserver

• Ashton names heads of five EU delegations
• European Voice

• The EU and Turkey: steering a safer path through the storms
• EUobserver

• EU support for public administration, regional development and energy efficiency in Ukraine
• European Commission

• The EU provides additional support to security and peace in Somalia
• European Commission

NOVEMBER 2011

• EU financial instruments for developing countries agreed
• Council of the EU

• Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2011 – Invitation to contribute information
• EEAS

• Is there a new impetus on the EU to deal with conflict and fragility in third countries? Part 2: recent policy developments
• ecdpm

• Council Decision on the financial contributions to be paid by the Member States to finance the European Development Fund in 2012 and 2013, including the first instalment for 2012
• Council of the EU

• EU boosts regional cooperation and border management in the Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia
• European Commission

• “Crisis won’t affect ACP-EU cooperation” ACP -EU Assembly co-chair Assarid
• European Parliament ACP-EU ACP ACP: Dr Mohamed Ibn Chambas

• EU’s chief negotiator sees Durban deal as possible
• EurActiv European Commission European Voice

• Europe, G20, and South-South Trade: Insights from European Approaches to Regional Integration in Africa
• GMF

• Green space emerges as major CAP controversy
• EurActiv

• EU-Chile: Laying the foundations for closer cooperation in disaster management
• European Commission

• EU support for public sector and governance in Armenia
• European Commission

• Commission announces support for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and research projects in Jordan
• European Commission

• Sweden urges EU to take control of north Kosovo problem
• EUobserver

• EU steps back, as tensions build ahead of Congo elections
• EUobserver

• Syria: France recognises Syrian council, proposes military intervention
• EUobserver

• EU-US Summit, Washington 28 November 2011
• EEAS

• Commissioner Piebalgs on his first visit to Niger: an additional support for development and security in the Sahel
• European Commission

• EU – Azerbaijan Cooperation Council
• Council of EU

• EU – Armenia Cooperation Council
• Council of EU

• Development aid: Europeans show overwhelming support for helping world’s poor, new poll by Eurobarometer
• European Commission Eurobarometer

• A new EU impetus on conflict and fragility, or more of the same? Part 1: institutions and evaluation
• ecdpm

• EU Military Committee: press conference
• Council of the EU

• Aprodev Newsletter Oct 2011
• Aprodev

• MEPs, ACP representatives to debate development policies 19-23 November
• European Parliament

• Brinksmanship on all sides ahead of EU-Ukraine summit
• EUobserver

• MEPs push for strong EU role in climate talks
• EurActiv

• Saving lives and bringing South East European countries closer to the EU
• European Commission: Kristalina Georgieva

• Cooperation with non-EU countries in the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility
• European Commission European Commission 2 European Commission 3

• Additional €1.5 million for most vulnerable drought victims in Afghanistan
• European Commission

• Parliament committee approves Morocco fisheries deal
• European Voice European Voice 2

• EP Agriculture Committee Chair: We need a more flexible and productive CAP
• European Parliament

• Study on Legal Instruments and Lessons Learned from the Evaluations Managed by the Joint Evaluation Unit
• ecdpm

• Draft EU regulation on EU financing instrument for cooperation with industrialised and other high income countries
• EU Parliament and Council Conciliation Committee

• EU is latest donor to publish IATI data
• IATI

• New Organisational Chart for EEAS
• EEAS

• New Organisational Chart for DEVCO
• European Commission

• Our man in Libya
• European Voice

• EU HR Ashton visit to Azerbaijan
• EEAS

• EU HR Ashton visit to Georgia
• EEAS

• EU HR Ashton visit to Armenia
• EEAS

• EU HR Ashton meets Deputy PM of Russia
• EEAS

• EU preparing to launch visa-free talks with Russia
• EUobserver

• Press statements: Van Rompuy & President of Ivory Coast
• European Council – Council of the EU

• Press briefing: Strategic framework for the Horn of Africa
• EEAS Council of the EU

• Commissioner Piebalgs on official visit to Burkina Faso
• European Commission

• Commissioner Piebalgs in Mali to support development and security in the Sahel
• European Commission

• EU development cooperation with Benin
• European Commission

• EU announces closer working ties with Anna Lindh Foundation through a new joint programme for the revitalisation of Arab civil society
• European Commission

• Busan: EU Common Position for the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness
• Council of the EU Simon Maxwell ODI: Andrew Rogerson International Alert: Phil Vernon

• Libya: EU High Representative Catherine Ashton visits Tripoli and opens European Union Delegation
• EEAS Council of the EU EEAS 2 EEAS 3 European Council – Council of the EU

• Footage from the Foreign Affairs Council – November 2011
• European Council – Council of the EU

• Questioning old certainties: Challenges for Africa-EU relations in 2012
• ECDPM

• International justice, peace and crisis management: the EU and Africa
• EEAS: Nicholas Westcott

• A new and comprehensive EU approach to the Horn of Africa
• EEAS

• Ukraine lowers ambitions for EU summit
• EUobserver

• Belarus: EU sanctions causing pain for Lukashenko
• EUobserver

• Germany and Poland have said the EU should cooperate more closely with Russia
• EUobserver EUobserver 2 EUobserver 3 EurActiv EurActiv 2

• Warlords undermine EU security mission in Congo
• EUobserver

• EU-Uzbekistan Cooperation Council: roundtable
• European Council – Council of the EU

• Europe looks to ‘coalition of the willing’ for Durban deal
• EurActiv EurActiv 2

• New expert group on “EU Platform for External Cooperation and Development”
• Africa-EU partnership.org

• France, Russia warn against military strike on Iran
• EUobserver Euobserver 2 Council of the EU

• Council reinforces restrictive measures on Syria
• Council of the EU Council of the EU 2 European Voice

• Ministers to discuss strategy for Afghanistan
• European Voice

• Strasbourg opening: Buzek on natural disasters, Arab spring, Eurogroup debate and human rights
• European Parliament

• Spotlight on EU Policy Coherence for Development: New report by Concord
• Concord

• Congo fatigue? EU funding in the heart of Africa
• EUobserver EUobserver 2

• G20 Cannes Summit final declaration
• G20 European Council European Commission EUobserver EurActiv

• EU announces new support for education for all in developing countries
• European Commission

• US and France point to upcoming action on Iran
• EUobserver EUobserver 2 BBC

• EU development cooperation with Uganda
• European Commission European Commission 2

• 11th Joint Committee EU – Mexico (joint communication)
• EEAS

• World in Transition – A Social Contract for Sustainability: New report by the German Advisory Council (WBGU)
• WBGU

• EU Common Position for Busan will be adopted in the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) on 14 November 2011
• European Commission

• Tymoshenko makes emotional plea to save EU-Ukraine treaty
• EUobserver

• World’s nuclear arsenals growing, think-tank Basic warns
• EUobserver

• EU seeks to bolster Latin ties
• European Voice

• The poverty impact of the proposed graduation threshold in the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) trade scheme
• ODI report ODI project briefing

• Legal constraints on the EU’s ability to withdraw Economic Partnership Agreement preferences
• ECDPM: Lorand Bartels ECDPM: Lorand Bartels 2

• EPA Negotiations: The honeymoon is over
• ECDPM

• EU priorities at the G20 summit
• European Commission European Council EEAS

• EEAS newsletter: EU Security and Defence news
• EEAS

• EU – Colombia: main areas of development cooperation
• EEAS

• Europe works with Turkey to help quake survivors
• European Commission European Commission 2

• Europe moves to help victims of Central America floods
• European Commission EEAS

• A look at EU support to Libya
• EEAS

• Thematic Evaluation of European Commission Support to Conflict Prevention and Peace-building
• European Commission

• EU split on Palestine joining UN body
• European Voice  EUobserver

• The Arab Spring wins Sakharov Prize 2011
• European Parliament EUobserver

• EU HR Ashton visits China
• European Council

• 13th Africa EU Joint Task Force Meeting
• Africa-EU-partnership.org

• Press briefing on international conferences on Afghanistan: EU Special Representative for Afghanistan
• European Council

• EU-Armenia Joint Declaration on Mobility Partnership
• European Council

OCTOBER 2011

• EU budget support: both a ‘name changer’ and a ‘game changer’
• ODI: Heidi Tavakoli

• Impact Assessment: EU Development Policy – an Agenda for Change
• Council of the European Union

• The euro zone crisis: risks for developing countries
• ODI background note Guardian: Isabella Massa

• Post-2013 EU Common Agricultural Policy, Trade and Development: A Review of Legislative Proposals
• ICTSD

• MEPs to endorse 5.2% budget increase
• European Voice

• MEPs to examine the rules that govern how EU funds are disbursed, including humanitarian funds
• European Voice

• Eleventh OLAF Annual Operational Report
• OLAF

• EU says ready to support post-Gaddafi Libya
• EEAS EurActiv EUobserver

• EU attention turns to climate, foreign affairs
• European Voice

• EU-Ukraine meeting increasingly unlikely
• EUobserver EUobserver 2 EUobserver 3 EUobserver 4 EurActiv

• EU approves Russia’s WTO membership
• European Commission European Voice

• Russia opens ‘humanitarian’ base in Serbia
• EurActiv

• EU agrees on representation at UN
• European Voice

• The British delegation to the UN blocks EU statements to UN committees
  Guardian

• The EIB and conflict sensitivity
• EPLO

• A New Framework for European Relations with Africa
• EEAS: Nick Westcott

• COUNCIL DECISION extending the mandate of the EU Special Representative to the African Union
• Europa

• Commission increases aid to Horn of Africa
• European Commission

• Proposal for a Council Decision on the financial contributions to be paid by the Member States to finance the European Development Fund (the 3rd instalment 2011)
• Council of the European Union

• EU-China summit postponed
• European Voice

• The EU-India summit collapses: learning the right lessons
• E!Sharp

• An MEP in Tunis: Women, Islamists do well in election
• EUobserver

• Increasing the impact of EU Development Policy: an Agenda for Change
• European Commission proposal European Commission press conference

• The Future Approach to EU Budget Support to Third Countries
• European Commission proposal ODI: Mikaela Gavas, Simon Maxwell and Siân Herbert ECDPM: Niels Keijzer

• The European Commission proposes a new partnership between Europe and the farmers
• European Commission EUobserver EurActiv European Voice  ECDPM

• EIB and European Commission welcome adoption of new mandate for lending outside the EU
• EIB

• Nato and EU expand mission in northern Kosovo
• EEAS EUobserver

• Final accounts of the 8th, 9th and 10th European Development Fund – Financial year 2010
• Council of the European Union

• The EU and the Arab spring: from munificence to geo-strategy
• FRIDE

• Special Issue on Aid for Trade: Interview with WTO DG Pascal Lamy and NEPAD agency CEO Ibrahim Assane Mayaki
• Trade Negotiations Insights

• Operationalising the West African EPA Development Programme Moving beyond the paperwork
• ECDPM

• Using Political Economy Analysis to Improve EU Development Effectiveness
• European Commission

• Global changes, emerging players and evolving AC P-EU relations: Towards a common agenda for action?
• ECDPM

• EU sets conditions for signing up to Kyoto II
• EurActiv

• This week in the European Union
• EUobserver

• EU Security and Defence news
• EEAS: CSDP newsletter

• European Commission proposal to amend market access regulation of the EU’s Economic Partnership Agreement
• European Commission European Voice

• OECD urges EU to reform farm support
• EurActiv

• EU Accountability Report 2011 on Financing for Development – Commission staff working paper
• European Commission

• Setting up the European External Action Service
• EEAS: David O’Sullivan

• Video footage of the Foreign Affairs Council – 10 October 2011
• European Council

• EU annual report on human rights and democracy in the world in 2010
• EEAS

• EU-Brazil summit – creating new ties
• European Council European Council 2 European Council 3 EEAS

• Putin unveils counter-EU option for post-Soviet states, the ‘Eurasian Union’
• EUobserver EurActiv

• Foreign ministers to discuss Palestine and Arab uprisings
• European Voice  EurActiv

• EU tightens sanctions against Belarus, Iran, Syria
• EUobserver European Voice

• Former US President Carter highlights the need for election observation efforts to promote democracy
• European Parliament

• Agenda of High Representative/Vice President Catherine Ashton – Week of 10 October 2011
• EEAS

• Commissioner Piebalgs will launch the proposal on “EU Development Policy: an Agenda for Change”, and a communication on EU budget support on 13 October
• European Commission

• Taking the Eastern Partnership further
  European Council EUobserver IHT

• Belarus quits EU’s Eastern Partnership initiative
• EurActiv EurActiv 2 European Voice

• European Parliament supports Palestine’s bid for statehood
  European Parliament Bloomberg EUobserver European Voice

• EU response to the Arab Spring: new package of support for North Africa and Middle East
• European Commission European Voice

• Commission President José Manuel Barroso’s state of the union address
• European Parliament European Parliament 2 European Voice

• EU leaders have promised Belarus President $9 billion if he frees political prisoners and holds free elections.
• EUobserver

• Chief EU climate negotiator: In Durban we need to produce a roadmap towards a global legal framework
• EUobserver

• Serbian soldiers to participate in EU Missions
• EurActiv

• Kosovo violence threatens Serbia’s EU bid
• EUobserver EurActiv European Voice

• Europe’s clout is underrated
• EurActiv: Interview with John McCormick

SEPTEMBER 2011

• Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel
• EEAS

• Leaked post-2013 EU CAP Proposals
• European Commission

• EU opinions multiply on Palestinian UN upgrade
• EUobserver EUobserver 2 EUobserver 3 Europe’s World: Shada Islam European Voice

• Palestine on 26-29 September EP plenary agenda
• European Parliament

• President Van Rompuy at the UN General Assembly: EU is a responsible global actor
• European Council EUobserver

• The EU stands by the Libyan people
• European Council

• Draft EU summit declaration calls for the EU’s Eastern Partnership policy to be “strengthened” and made more “visible”
• EUobserver European Voice

• EU to close police mission in Bosnia
• European Voice

• Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe
• European Commission

• EU parliament reminds governments of new budget powers
• EUobserver

• BRICS offer help to eurozone with strings attached – they could ask for more voting powers in the IMF
• EurActiv

• A Joint European and Chinese Study on Multilateralism
• Europe’s World: Madariaga College of Europe Foundation

• EU stands by the Libyan people
• European Council

• EU – South Africa Summit 15 Sept: shared views on important global questions
• European Council

• EU and Nato sponsor confrontational mission in Kosovo
• EUobserver

• EU seeks limited upgrade of Palestinians’ UN status
• EurActiv European Voice

• Sidestepping the UK over EU military headquarters?
• European Voice

• Internal bickering set to cost Bosnia €96m in EU funding
• European Voice

• The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) launches search for development aid, archiving and ICT experts to work in the EU institutions
• EU careers online

• New figures show EU aid is more transparent and effective, but more ambitious reforms could save up to €4 billion yearly
• European Commission

• Group of five calls for EU military headquarters
• EUobserver

• Member states to outline views on long-term budget on Monday 12 September
• European Voice

• A stronger voice for the EU in the United Nations
• European Council

• Commissioner Piebalgs to visit Lesotho ahead of next elections and to announce €15 million aid for better access to water
• European Commission European Commission 2

• EU delegation voices concern about the humanitarian implications of a proposed separation barrier in a village near Bethlehem
• ReliefWeb

• South Africa-EU Summit
• European Commission European Commission 2 European Council